Effect of Bangkal Leaf Extract (Nauclea subdita) on the Lungs of Test Animals Exposed to Forest Fire Smoke : Literature Review
Keywords:
, Antioxidant, Bangkal leaf, Flavonoids, URTI, Forest fire, Free radicalAbstract
Forest fires occur almost every year in Indonesia, especially during the extreme dry season. The smoke from forest fires causes health problems in the community, especially problems with the respiratory tract. To determine the effect of bangkal leaf extract as an antioxidant on test animals exposed to forest fire smoke to support the government in reducing the incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) due to forest and land fires. Writing articles with the Literature Review design, a literature search, both national and international, through journal sites indexed by SINTA and SCOPUS. There were 383 scientific articles found and then screened so that 12 scientific papers were selected to do a literature review. Leaf extract of the bangkal plant can be used as an antioxidant because it contains flavonoid compounds. After being tested for the leaves of the bangkal plant's antioxidant, the results showed IC50 79.62 ppm with ethanol solvent and IC50 10 ppm with methanol solvent. This indicates that the leaves of the bangkal plant have an intensity as an antioxidant. The effect was tested by a histopathological test on the lungs of the test animals. The dose of flavonoids used as antioxidants to scavenge free radicals in the body is 500 - 1000 mg/day. The study shows that the extract of bangkal leaf can be useful as a treatment URTI because it contains flavonoids that can be used as antioxidants.References
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Xu, H. C., & Wang, M. Y. (2014). Effect of flavonoids from Lotus (Nelumbo nuficera Gaertn) leaf on biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress induced by exhaustive swimming exercise of mice. Biomedical Research (India), 25(1), 1–5.
Asmiyarti, N. I., & Wibowo, M. A. (2015). Metode Bslt Pada Ekstrak Metanol Daun Bangkal ( Nauclea subdita ( Korth ) Steud ). Jkk, 3(4), 58–62.
BNPB. (2019). kerugian-kebakaran-hutan-dan-lahan-sepanjang-2019-capai-rp-75-triliun.
Bønløkke, J. H., Riddervold, I. S., Grønborg, T. K., Skogstrand, K., Hougaard, D. M., Barregard, L., & Sigsgaard, T. (2015). Systemic effects of wood smoke in a short-term experimental exposure study of atopic volunteers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000067
Faturochman, Said Junaidi, A. S. (2019). Pengaruh Pemberian Aktivitas Aerobik Dan Antioksidan Dari Kulit Jeruk Terhadap Pemulihan Fungsi Paru Akibat Paparan Asap Rokok. Journal of Sport Sciences and Fitness DI SEMARANG, 5(2), 104.
Hasibuan, Z. A. (2007). Metodologi Penelitian Pada Bidang Ilmu Komputer Dan Teknologi Informasi. Konsep, Teknik, Dan Aplikasi, Universitas Indonesia, 194.
Heinz, S. A., Henson, D. A., Austin, M. D., Jin, F., & Nieman, D. C. (2016). Quercetin supplementation and upper respiratory tract infection: A randomized community clinical trial. Pharmacological Research, 62(3), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.05.001
Hunter, A. L., Unosson, J., Bosson, J. A., Langrish, J. P., Pourazar, J., Raftis, J. B., Miller, M. R., Lucking, A. J., Boman, C., Nyström, R., Donaldson, K., Flapan, A. D., Shah, A. S. V., Pung, L., Sadiktsis, I., Masala, S., Westerholm, R., Sandström, T., Blomberg, A., … Mills, N. L. (2016). Effect of wood smoke exposure on vascular function and thrombus formation in healthy fire fighters. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-014-0062-4
Idrus, H. R. Al, Iswahyudi, I., & Wahdaningsih, S. (2016). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bawang Mekah (Eleutherine americana Merr.) Terhadap Gambaran Histopatologi Paru Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar Jantan Pasca Paparan Asap Rokok. Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v1i2.190
Jackie Kang Sing Lung, D. P. D. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Vitamin A, C, E dengan Metode DPPH. Farmaka, 15(1), 53–62.
Nyoman Citra Suryani, Dewa Gede Mayun Permana, A. A. G. N. A. J. (2017). Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut Terhadap Kandungan Total Flavonoid Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata). Program Studi Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Udayana, 44(8), 821–822. https://doi.org/10.15036/arerugi.44.821_2
Sehlstedt, M., Dove, R., Boman, C., Pagels, J., Swietlicki, E., Löndahl, J., Westerholm, R., Bosson, J., Barath, S., Behndig, A. F., Pourazar, J., Sandström, T., Mudway, I. S., & Blomberg, A. (2017). Antioxidant airway responses following experimental exposure to wood smoke in man. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-7-21
Soendjoto, M. A. (2017). Prosiding Seminar Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 2015. September 2015.
Somerville, V. S., Braakhuis, A. J., & Hopkins, W. G. (2016). Effect of flavonoids on upper respiratory tract infections and immune function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition, 7(3), 488–497. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010538
Uda, S. K., Hein, L., & Atmoko, D. (2019). Assessing the health impacts of peatland fires: a case study for Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(30), 31315–31327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06264-x
Wardhani, raden roro ariessanty alicia kusuma, & Akhyar, O. (2018). Skrining Fitokimia, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Antibakteri (Propionibacterium acnes) Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Dan Daun Tanaman Bangkal (Nuclea subdita) Screening. 12, 64–75. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jstk.v12i2.4956
Wardhani, R. A. A. kusuma, & Akhyar, O. (2018). Skrining fitokimia, uji aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri Propionibacterium acnes ekstrak etanol kulit batang dan daun tanaman bangkal (Nuclea subdita) Screening. Sains Dan Terapan Kimia, 12, 64–75. https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jstk/article/view/4956
Wardoyo, L. M. U. P. J. A. Y. P. (2016). Pengaruh Emisi Partikel Ultrafine Asap Pembakaran Biomassa Terhadap Organ Paru-Paru Mencit (Mus musculus) Berdasarkan Gambaran Mikroskopisnya. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya.
Wulan, A. J., & Subagio, S. (2016). Efek Asap Kebakaran Hutan terhadap Gambaran Histologis SaluranPernapasan. Majority, 5(3), 162–167.
Xu, H. C., & Wang, M. Y. (2014). Effect of flavonoids from Lotus (Nelumbo nuficera Gaertn) leaf on biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress induced by exhaustive swimming exercise of mice. Biomedical Research (India), 25(1), 1–5.
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